W.E.B. DUBOIS

NAME OF LEADER

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W.E.B. DUBOIS

was an American sociologist, socialist, historian and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community, and after completing graduate work at the University of Berlin and Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.

DESCRIPTION	NAME OF SITE	CITY	STATE
BIRTHPLACE	MARKER- CHURCH STREET	GREAT BARRINGTON	MASSACHUETTS
BOYHOOD HOME SITE	BOYHOOD HOME SITE	GREAT BARRINGTON	MASSACHUETTS
ALMA MATER	SEARLES HIGH SCHOOL	GREAT BARRINGTON	MASSACHUETTS
ALMA MATER	FISK UNIVERSITY	NASHVILLE	TENNENSEE
ALMA MATER	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	CAMBRIDGE	MASSACHUETTS
ALMA MATER	UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN	BERLIN	GERMANY
ALMA MATER – RECIEVED SEVERAL JOBS OFFERS	TUSKAGEE INSITUTE	TUSKAGEE	ALABAMA
BEGAN TEACHING	WILBERFORCE UNIVERSITY	WILBERFORCE	OHIO
ONE YEAR RESEARCH JOB	UNIVERSITY OF PENNSLVANIA	PHILIDELPHIA	PENNSLYVANIA
MUSEUM	AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSEUM	BOSTON	MASSACHUETTS
AFFILIATIONS	NAACP	BALTIMORE	MARYLAND
DEATHPLACE	CANTOMENTS HOME	GHANA	GHANA
BURIAL PLACE	DU BOIS MEMORIAL CENTRE	ACCRA, GREATER ACCRA,	GHANA
STATUE	CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY- STATUE	ATLANTA	GEORGIA
MURAL	WEB DUOIS MURAL	GREAT BARRINGTON	MASSACHUSETTS

NAME OF LEADER (NAACP)

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WEB DEBOUIS

WILLIAM EDWARD BURGHARDT DU BOIS WAS BORN ON FEBRUARY 23, 1868, IN GREAT BARRINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS, TO ALFRED AND MARY SILVINA (NÉE BURGHARDT) DU BOIS.[4] MARY SILVINA BURGHARDT’S FAMILY WAS PART OF THE VERY SMALL FREE BLACK POPULATION OF GREAT BARRINGTON AND HAD LONG OWNED LAND IN THE STATE. SHE WAS DESCENDED FROM DUTCH, AFRICAN, AND ENGLISH ANCESTORS.[5] WILLIAM DU BOIS’S MATERNAL GREAT-GREAT-GRANDFATHER WAS TOM BURGHARDT, A SLAVE (BORN IN WEST AFRICA AROUND 1730) WHO WAS HELD BY THE DUTCH COLONIST CONRAED BURGHARDT. TOM BRIEFLY SERVED IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR, WHICH MAY HAVE BEEN HOW HE GAINED HIS FREEDOM DURING THE LATE 18TH CENTURY. HIS SON JACK BURGHARDT WAS THE FATHER OF OTHELLO BURGHARDT, WHO IN TURN WAS THE FATHER OF MARY SILVINA BURGHARDT

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WEB DUBOIS

SOMETIME BEFORE 1860, ALFRED DU BOIS IMMIGRATED TO THE UNITED STATES, SETTLING IN MASSACHUSETTS. HE MARRIED MARY SILVINA BURGHARDT ON FEBRUARY 5, 1867, IN HOUSATONIC, A VILLAGE IN GREAT BARRINGTON.[12] ALFRED LEFT MARY IN 1870, TWO YEARS AFTER THEIR SON WILLIAM WAS BORN.[13] MARY DU BOIS MOVED WITH HER SON BACK TO HER PARENTS’ HOUSE IN GREAT BARRINGTON, AND THEY LIVED THERE UNTIL HE WAS FIVE. SHE WORKED TO SUPPORT HER FAMILY (RECEIVING SOME ASSISTANCE FROM HER BROTHER AND NEIGHBORS), UNTIL SHE SUFFERED A STROKE IN THE EARLY 1880S. SHE DIED IN 1885

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WEB DUBOIS

RELYING ON THIS MONEY DONATED BY NEIGHBORS, DU BOIS ATTENDED FISK UNIVERSITY, A HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGE IN NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE, FROM 1885 TO 1888. LIKE OTHER FISK STUDENTS WHO RELIED ON SUMMER AND INTERMITTENT TEACHING TO SUPPORT THEIR UNIVERSITY STUDIES, DU BOIS TAUGHT SCHOOL DURING THE SUMMER OF 1886 AFTER HIS SOPHOMORE YEAR. HIS TRAVEL TO AND RESIDENCY IN THE SOUTH WAS DU BOIS’S FIRST EXPERIENCE WITH SOUTHERN RACISM, WHICH AT THE TIME ENCOMPASSED JIM CROW LAWS, BIGOTRY, SUPPRESSION OF BLACK VOTING, AND LYNCHINGS; THE LATTERMOST REACHED A PEAK IN THE NEXT DECADE.

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WEB DUBOIS

AFTER RECEIVING A BACHELOR’S DEGREE FROM FISK, HE ATTENDED HARVARD COLLEGE (WHICH DID NOT ACCEPT COURSE CREDITS FROM FISK) FROM 1888 TO 1890, WHERE HE WAS STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY PROFESSOR WILLIAM JAMES, PROMINENT IN AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY. DU BOIS PAID HIS WAY THROUGH THREE YEARS AT HARVARD WITH MONEY FROM SUMMER JOBS, AN INHERITANCE, SCHOLARSHIPS, AND LOANS FROM FRIENDS. IN 1890, HARVARD AWARDED DU BOIS HIS SECOND BACHELOR’S DEGREE, CUM LAUDE, IN HISTORY.[23] IN 1891, DU BOIS RECEIVED A SCHOLARSHIP TO ATTEND THE SOCIOLOGY GRADUATE SCHOOL AT HARVARD

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WEB DUBOIS

IN 1892, DU BOIS RECEIVED A FELLOWSHIP FROM THE JOHN F. SLATER FUND FOR THE EDUCATION OF FREEDMEN TO ATTEND THE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN FOR GRADUATE WORK. WHILE A STUDENT IN BERLIN, HE TRAVELED EXTENSIVELY THROUGHOUT EUROPE. HE CAME OF AGE INTELLECTUALLY IN THE GERMAN CAPITAL WHILE STUDYING WITH SOME OF THAT NATION’S MOST PROMINENT SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, INCLUDING GUSTAV VON SCHMOLLER, ADOLPH WAGNER, AND HEINRICH VON TREITSCHKE WEBER WOULD AGAIN MEET DU BOIS .IN 1904 ON A VISIT TO THE US JUST AHEAD OF THE PUBLICATION OF THE SEMINAL THE PROTESTANT ETHIC AND THE SPIRIT OF CAPITALISM

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WEB DUBOIS	IN THE SUMMER OF 1894, DU BOIS RECEIVED SEVERAL JOB OFFERS, INCLUDING FROM THE PRESTIGIOUS TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE.

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WEB DUBOIS	HE ACCEPTED A TEACHING JOB AT WILBERFORCE UNIVERSITY IN OHIO .AT WILBERFORCE, DU BOIS WAS STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, WHO BELIEVED THAT IDEAS AND MORALS ARE NECESSARY TOOLS TO EFFECT, SOCIAL CHANGE.WHILE AT WILBERFORCE, DU BOIS MARRIED NINA GOMER, ONE OF HIS STUDENTS, ON MAY 12, 1896

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WEB DUBOIS	AFTER TWO YEARS AT WILBERFORCE, DU BOIS ACCEPTED A ONE-YEAR RESEARCH JOB FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA AS AN “ASSISTANT IN SOCIOLOGY” IN THE SUMMER OF 1896.

NAME OF LEADER

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WEB DUBOIS

IN JULY 1897, DU BOIS LEFT PHILADELPHIA AND TOOK A PROFESSORSHIP IN HISTORY AND ECONOMICS AT THE HISTORICALLY BLACK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN GEORGIA HE PERFORMED SOCIOLOGICAL FIELD RESEARCH IN PHILADELPHIA’S AFRICAN AMERICAN NEIGHBORHOODS, WHICH FORMED THE FOUNDATION FOR HIS LANDMARK STUDY.HE PERFORMED SOCIOLOGICAL FIELD RESEARCH IN PHILADELPHIA’S AFRICAN AMERICAN NEIGHBORHOODS, WHICH FORMED THE FOUNDATION FOR HIS LANDMARK STUDY, THE PHILADELPHIA NEGRO, PUBLISHED IN 1899 WHILE HE WAS TEACHING AT ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN ADDITION TO WRITING EDITORIALS, DU BOIS CONTINUED TO PRODUCE SCHOLARLY WORK AT ATLANTA UNIVERSITY

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WEB DUBOIS

DU BOIS ATTENDED THE FIRST PAN-AFRICAN CONFERENCE, HELD IN LONDON ON 23−25 JULY 1900, SHORTLY AHEAD OF THE PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1900 THE CONFERENCE HAD BEEN ORGANIZED BY PEOPLE FROM THE CARIBBEANS. DU BOIS PLAYED A LEADING ROLE IN DRAFTING A LETTER (“ADDRESS TO THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD”). ASKING EUROPEAN LEADERS TO STRUGGLE AGAINST RACISM, TO GRANT COLONIES IN AFRICA AND THE WEST INDIES THE RIGHT TO SELF-GOVERNMENT AND TO DEMAND POLITICAL AND OTHER RIGHTS FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS. FOR WHICH HE PUT TOGETHER A SERIES OF 363 PHOTOGRAPHS AIMING TO COMMEMORATE THE LIVES OF AFRICAN AMERICANS AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY AND CHALLENGE THE RACIST CARICATURES AND STEREOTYPES OF THE DAY.

NAME OF LEADER

DESCRIPTION – BOOKER T WASHINGTON VS WEB DUBOIS – ATLANTA COMPRISE

WEB DUBOIS

IN THE FIRST DECADE OF THE NEW CENTURY, DU BOIS EMERGED AS A SPOKESPERSON FOR HIS RACE, SECOND ONLY TO BOOKER T. WASHINGTON. WASHINGTON WAS THE DIRECTOR OF THE TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE IN ALABAMA, HE TREMENDOUSLY INFLUENCED WITHIN THE AFRICAN AMERICAN AND WHITE COMMUNITIES. WASHINGTON WAS THE ARCHITECT OF THE ATLANTA COMPROMISE, AN UNWRITTEN DEAL THAT HE HAD STRUCK IN 1895. BOOKER T WASHINGTON: WASHINGTON FELT THAT AFRICAN AMERICAN SCHOOLS SHOULD FOCUS PRIMARILY ON INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION TOPICS SUCH AS AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL SKILLS, TO PREPARE SOUTHERN BLACKS FOR THE OPPORTUNITIES IN THE RURAL AREAS WHERE MOST LIVED. WEB DUBOIS: DU BOIS FELT THAT BLACK SCHOOLS SHOULD FOCUS MORE ON LIBERAL ARTS AND ACADEMIC CURRICULUM (INCLUDING THE CLASSICS, ARTS, AND HUMANITIES), BECAUSE LIBERAL ARTS WERE REQUIRED TO DEVELOP A LEADERSHIP ELITE DU BOIS FELT THAT AFRICAN AMERICANS SHOULD FIGHT FOR EQUAL RIGHTS AND HIGHER OPPORTUNITIES, RATHER THAN PASSIVELY SUBMIT TO THE SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION OF WASHINGTON’S ATLANTA COMPROMISE.

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WEB DUBOIS

IN 1905, DU BOIS AND SEVERAL OTHER AFRICAN AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS – INCLUDING FREDRICK L. MCGHEE, JESSE MAX BARBER AND WILLIAM MONROE TROTTER – MET IN CANADA NEAR NIAGARA FALLS. THEY WANTED TO PUBLICIZE THEIR IDEALS TO OTHER AFRICAN AMERICANS. MOST BLACK PERIODICALS WERE OWNED BY PUBLISHERS SYMPATHETIC TO WASHINGTON, SO DU BOIS BOUGHT A PRINTING PRESS AND STARTED PUBLISHING MOON ILLUSTRATED WEEKLY IN DECEMBER 1905. THEY WROTE A DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES OPPOSING THE ATLANTA COMPROMISE, AND WHICH WERE INCORPORATED AS THE NIAGARA MOVEMENT IN 1906. THE NIAGARITES HELD A SECOND CONFERENCE IN AUGUST 1906. IN CELEBRATION OF THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF ABOLITIONIST JOHN BROWN’S BIRTH, AT THE WEST VIRGINIA SITE OF BROWN’S RAID ON HARPER’S FERRY. “TODAY, TWO CLASSES OF NEGROES ARE STANDING AT THE PARTING OF THE WAYS”. THE ONE COUNSELS PATIENT SUBMISSION TO OUR PRESENT HUMILIATIONS AND DEGRADATIONS THE OTHER CLASS BELIEVE THAT IT SHOULD NOT SUBMIT TO BEING HUMILIATED, DEGRADED, AND REMANDED TO AN INFERIOR PLACE IT DOES NOT BELIEVE IN BARTERING ITS MANHOOD FOR THE SAKE OF GAIN.

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WEB DUBOIS

DU BOIS WAS THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN INVITED BY THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION (AHA) TO PRESENT A PAPER AT THEIR ANNUAL CONFERENCE. HE READ HIS PAPER, RECONSTRUCTION AND ITS BENEFITS, TO AN ASTOUNDED AUDIENCE AT THE AHA’S DECEMBER 1909 CONFERENCE. THE PAPER WENT AGAINST THE MAINSTREAM HISTORICAL VIEW, PROMOTED BY THE DUNNING SCHOOL OF SCHOLARS AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, THAT RECONSTRUCTION WAS A DISASTER, CAUSED BY THE INEPTITUDE AND SLOTH OF BLACKS. TO THE CONTRARY, DU BOIS ASSERTED THAT THE BRIEF PERIOD OF AFRICAN AMERICAN LEADERSHIP IN THE SOUTH ACCOMPLISHED THREE IMPORTANT GOALS: DEMOCRACY, FREE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, AND NEW SOCIAL WELFARE LEGISLATION.

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WEB DUBOIS	IN MAY 1909, DU BOIS ATTENDED THE NATIONAL NEGRO CONFERENCE IN NEW YORK.

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DESCRIPTION- FOUNDERS OF NAACP

WEB DUBOIS

IN 1910, AT THE SECOND NATIONAL NEGRO CONFERENCE, THE ATTENDEES CREATED THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP). AT DUBOIS’S SUGGESTION, THE WORD “COLORED”, RATHER THAN “BLACK”, WAS USED TO INCLUDE “DARK SKINNED PEOPLE EVERYWHERE. DOZENS OF CIVIL RIGHTS SUPPORTERS, BLACK AND WHITE, PARTICIPATED IN THE FOUNDING, BUT MOST EXECUTIVE OFFICERS WERE WHITE, INCLUDING MARY OVINGTON, CHARLES EDWARD RUSSELL, WILLIAM ENGLISH WALLING, AND ITS FIRST PRESIDENT, MOORFIELD STOREY.

NAME OF LEADER

DESCRIPTION -HARLEM RENAISSANCE

WEB DUBOIS

Du Bois frequently promoted African-American artistic creativity in his writings, and when the Harlem Renaissance emerged in the mid-1920s, his article “A Negro Art Renaissance” celebrated the end of the long hiatus of blacks from creative endeavors. His enthusiasm for the Harlem Renaissance waned as he came to believe that many whites visited Harlem for voyeurism, not for genuine appreciation of black art. Du Bois insisted that artists recognize their moral responsibilities, writing that “a black artist is first of all a black artist. He was also concerned that black artists were not using their art to promote black causes, saying “I do not care a damn for any art that is not used for propaganda. By the end of 1926, he stopped employing The Crisis to support the arts.

NAME OF LEADER

DESCRIPTION -DISASTER

W.E.B DEBOUIS

THIS HAPPENED IN 1931 DU BOIS AND THE NAACP FELT THAT THE CASE WOULD NOT BE BENEFICIAL TO THEIR CAUSE, SO THEY CHOSE TO LET THE COMMUNIST PARTY ORGANIZE THE DEFENSE EFFORTS. THEN HE WAS IMPRESSED WITH THE VAST AMOUNT OF PUBLICITY AND FUNDS WHICH THE COMMUNISTS DEVOTED TO THE PARTIALLY SUCCESSFUL DEFENSE EFFORT, AND HE CAME TO SUSPECT THAT THE COMMUNISTS WERE ATTEMPTING TO PRESENT THEIR PARTY TO AFRICAN AMERICANS AS A BETTER SOLUTION THAN THE NAACP. HE DID NOT HAVE A GOOD WORKING RELATIONSHIP WITH WALTER FRANCIS WHITE, PRESIDENT OF THE NAACP. SINCE 1931 THAT CONFLICT, COMBINED WITH THE FINANCIAL STRESSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION, PRECIPITATED A POWER STRUGGLE OVER THE CRISIS. WEB DUBOISCONCERNED THAT HIS POSITION AS EDITOR WOULD BE ELIMINATED, RESIGNED HIS JOB AT THE CRISIS AND ACCEPTED AN ACADEMIC POSITION AT ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN EARLY 1933. THE RIFT WITH THE NAACP GREW LARGER IN 1934 WHEN DU BOIS REVERSED HIS STANCE ON SEGREGATION, STATING THAT “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL” WAS AN ACCEPTABLE GOAL FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS. THE NAACP LEADERSHIP WAS STUNNED, AND ASKED DU BOIS TO RETRACT HIS STATEMENT, BUT HE REFUSED, AND THE DISPUTE LED TO DU BOIS’S RESIGNATION FROM THE NAACP

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WEB DUBOIS	W. E. B. DU BOIS — SOCIOLOGIST, HISTORIAN, CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVIST, PAN-AFRICANIST, AUTHOR, AND EDITOR — DIED ON AUG. 27, 1963 IN ACCRA, GHANA. HE WAS BURIED AT WEB DUBOIS MEMORIAL CENTRE